OAuth 2.0 (Open Authorization 2.0) is an open standard protocol that enables secure authorization and delegated access to resources on behalf of a user. It provides a framework for granting restricted access to protected resources without sharing the user's credentials. OAuth 2.0 is often used to enable authentication and authorization between different applications or services.

The OAuth 2.0 protocol involves three main entities: the resource owner (user), the client (application or service), and the authorization server. Let's break down how the protocol works:

The user initiates the authorization request: The user wants to grant the client access to its protected resources and therefore initiates the authorization process. The client redirects the user to the authorization server.

User grants authorization: The user is presented with a login screen provided by the authorization server. The user enters their credentials and may be prompted to agree to the permissions requested by the client. By granting authorization, the user allows the client to access their protected resources.

Authorization server issues an access token: After the user grants authorization, the authorization server generates an access token that represents the user's permission to access certain resources. The access token is a unique string that serves as a credential for subsequent requests.

Client requests protected resources: The client, having the access token, makes requests to the resource server (API server) on behalf of the user to access the protected resources. The access token is included in the request headers to authenticate the client and authorize access.

Resource server validates the access token: The resource server receives the client's request and validates the access token. It checks the validity, expiration date, and scopes (permissions) of the token. If the token is valid and has sufficient permissions, the resource server responds with the requested resources.

OAuth 2.0 provides several authorization types or flows for different scenarios, such as authorization code flow, implicit flow, client credential flow, and others. These flows define how the client obtains the access token from the authorization server.

The benefit of OAuth 2.0 is that it allows users to grant controlled access to their resources without having to share their credentials directly with third-party applications. It also allows users to easily manage and revoke access permissions. OAuth 2.0 has become the industry standard for authentication and authorization in various domains, including social media platforms, APIs, and mobile applications.
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