A database is an organized collection of data stored and retrieved electronically in a computer system.

Databases are managed by:
DBMS (Database Management Systems)
A query language such as SQL (Structured Query Language) – SQL has statements for reading and writing data, creating and deleting tables, and managing the database system.
Database applications

Small databases shared by one or two users can be managed in a text file or spreadsheet.

It may make more sense to use Excel only to manage small amounts of data. However, as your spreadsheet gets larger and more complex, you may want to move to a database. Databases can be large and complex, have many different types of user roles, and meet the following requirements:

Authorization: Users should require authorization to access specific data in tables, columns, or rows of a database.

Security – Database systems must be secure to ensure that only authorized users access certain data. In addition, the data should be encrypted to prevent hackers from accessing the data.

Performance – You want your database to be fast, especially if it's large. But the larger it gets, the slower your database queries will become. You can structure your data to process your queries more efficiently.

Rules – Data may need to conform to structural and business rules, such as being complete and accurate, and if there is more than one database copy, they should also be synchronized.

Recovery. Databases, database transactions, and even hardware can fail. Therefore, database systems must recover from these failures and return the database to a consistent state to prevent data loss.

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